ABSTRACT
There is a 10 years teaching experience for fourth year medical students and interns in a Chilean private hospital. The students attend an eight weeks practical course. The interns rotate during 16 weeks by specialties and make shifts. The hospital structure with Clinical Services and Medical-Surgical departments facilitates the teaching process. There are approximately 30,000 admissions per year with a mean stay of 3.7 days, that allow the students to be in touch with patients with different diseases that are managed with updated technology. We emphasize the ethical and clinical management of concrete problems of patients, self ¡earning and communication skills. The students evaluate their stay answering surveys and with semi structured interviews. Teaching is assessed by tutors and heads of departments, in clinical rounds, sometimes prepared by the students, by a thorough revision of problem oriented medical records and with practical and theoretical tests. The results of the program have been quite satisfactory for participants.
Subject(s)
Humans , Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods , Internal Medicine/education , Chile , Education, Medical, Undergraduate/standards , Hospitals, Private , Hospitals, TeachingABSTRACT
S. pneumoniae is a significant cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly, and accounts for the majority of the pneumonia deaths among the elderly. We conducted this randomized double-blind study to evaluate the immune response to a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and the persistence of antibodies two years after the vaccination in an elderly population in Santiago, Chile. A total of 118 elderly nursing home residents received either the pneumococcal or a tetanus control vaccine. Serum samples were taken at enrolment, at two months, and at two years post-vaccination. Pre-vaccination anti-pneumococcal antibody geometric mean concentrations (GMC) were similar in both study groups, with increased levels of antibodies found only against serotype 14. The pneumococcal vaccine was highly immunogenic at 2 months, and titers remained high two years after the vaccination for the 10 serotypes studied in this elderly population. The results thus support the benefits of this pneumococcal vaccine in this elderly population who are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Case-Control Studies , Chile , Double-Blind Method , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Homes for the Aged , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Pneumococcal Infections/immunologyABSTRACT
Background: S pneumoniae is the main cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly, group that concentrates 95 percent of deaths. Aim: To assess the prevalence of nasal carriage of S pneumoniae in institutionalized elderly patients. Material and methods: One hundred eighteen institutionalized subjects aged over 60 years (65 males) were enrolled. Since they were also participating in a controlled protocol related to the immunogenicity of an anti-pneumococcal vaccine, our investigation was also blind and randomized. According to randomization, they received pneumococcal or tetanic vaccine. Nasal swab cultures were taken at the beginning of the trial and two months after vaccination. According to recommended methods, we identified S pneumoniae, the serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: In the first nasal sample, 16 percent of subjects were positive for S pneumoniae. The second sample was positive in 12 percent. Of the 33 isolated serotypes, 9.1 percent demonstrated intermediate resistance to penicillin and 3.3 percent were resistant to chloramphenicol. Conclusions: The study demonstrated a greater percentage of colonized patients than in the general population. The isolated serotypes are the same that cause invasive diseases in this age group, according to data of the Institute of Public Health of Chile. There were no differences in the percentage of colonization between subjects vaccinated against S pneumoniae and control groups, after two months of follow up. Isolated strains had a low resistance to penicillin. High level resistance was not observed.